A review on phytochemical constituents, role on metabolic diseases, and toxicological assessments of underutilized part of Garcinia mangostana L. fruit

Metabolic diseases are one of the problems in public health and become the major causes of mortality. These have ledthe scientist to solve the metabolic disease-related problems by exploring some natural medicine and phytochemicalsto prevent and to treat them. One of the plant medicines potential to be developed is Garcinia mangostana L. ormangosteen which belongs to the family Clusiaceae. The underutilized part of the fruit including pericarp and seed isa promising candidate as herbal medicine, particularly to treat and to prevent the metabolic diseases. This review wasaimed to update some research findings regarding the biological activities of the underutilized parts of mangosteen(pericarp and seed) along with phytochemical components. During this review, some information which are relevantto the study have been compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engines, including ScienceDirect,PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other scientific electronic resources. Additional literature works wereobtained from book chapters, books, websites, government reports, and other related sources. The underutilized partof mangosteen fruit is rich in xanthone derivatives as value-added constituents. The pericarp and seed also containthe derivatives of benzophenones, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. This study highlighted on the possible medicinalproperties, especially for metabolic diseases such as obesity and lipid metabolism disorder, high blood pressure,diabetes along with its complication, and cancer. Besides, toxicological assessments were discussed to ensure thesafety and trust of the consumers.

Application of response surface methodology as mathematical and statistical tools in natural product research

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) models combined with experimental designs became popular in recentyears. Their advantages to analyze the interactive effects among different factors and the efficiency considerationsencouraged more researchers to conduct natural product research employed with these models. A review about basicprinciples of factorial designs, central composite designs, Box–Behnken designs, and Doehlert designs which utilizedalong with the RSM and their applications in natural product research is presented. The objective of this reviewwas to report various experimental design techniques and their applications in the field of natural product research.Furthermore, the characteristic of each design is also presented and the trends of RSM applications in natural productresearch are also discussed in this paper.

Chemical composition and antioxidant studies of underutilized part of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) is one of Indonesian fruit with export commodity due to its sweet-sour andpleasant taste. The pulp of this fruit is frequently consumed freshly, while the seed and peel are removed and become awaste. The chemical components contained in mangosteen’s seed and peel, especially xanthones, have been reported asantioxidants either in vitro or in vivo. Several traditional medicine products used the extracts of mangosteen as one ofits components; therefore, the characterization of mangosteen extracts through identification of its active componentsis very important. This review article highlighted the updates on the characterization and antioxidant activities ofmangosteen’s seed and peel to prove that the wastes of mangosteen fruit could be advantageous to be developed asfunctional food as antioxidants. Several databases have been used during performing this review, including PubMed,Scopus, Biological abstracts, chemical abstracts, and Google Scholar.

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of selected medicinal plants used for liver diseases and its classification with chemometrics

Liver disease has become one of the major health problems in the world, and the death rate is going rapidly toincrease. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the emerging, development, and the progression of liver diseases.Ethnobotanical research has an undoubted profound impact on the development of numerous new drugs. The aimof this research, therefore, was to examine the antioxidant activities of 14 selected plants used for treating liverdiseases by traditional healers of Indonesia ethnicities and to classify these plants using chemometrics of principalcomponent analysis (PCA). The extraction using methanol as the solvent was performed with two stages maceration.Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were determined by Folin–Ciocalteau and AlCl3 method, respectively,whereas antioxidant activity was estimated using 2,2′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging,trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Among 19methanol extracts of 14 plants, the leaves of Baccaurea racemosa, Macaranga subpeltata, and Piper sp. showed thehighest antioxidant properties. The phenolic content correlated with TEAC, FRAP, and DPPH radical scavengingactivity, while flavonoid did not significantly affect these antioxidant activity methods. PCA successfully classifiedthe plant samples using the variables of antioxidant activities and phenolic-flavonoid contents. The selected plantshave promising antioxidant properties which support their utilization for either liver diseases medication or oxidativestress-related diseases prevention

Application of near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination and authentication of herbal products: A review

Herbal medicines along with its preparations have been commonly used as preventive and promotive agents around theworld, especially in developing countries. Motivated by economic profits, the high-priced value of herbal medicinesmay be substituted or adulterated with less expensive ones; therefore, the authentication methods must be developedto overcome the adulteration practices. Due to their properties as fingerprint analytical techniques, near-infrared (NIR)and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopies offered fast and reliable techniques for authentication of herbal medicine.The data generated during authentication of herbal medicines were complex and difficult to be interpreted; therefore,the statistical approach called chemometrics has been used to treat data. The objective of the present review was tohighlight the updates on the application of NIR and MIR spectroscopies and chemometrics techniques (discrimination,classification, and quantification) for discrimination and authentication of herbal medicine.